The article analyzes data from sites of Middle and Late Paleolithic Age on the territory of the Urals, containing remnants of horses (Equus (Equus). It is shown that the horse had a great significance in different fields of man’s life. During the whole Late Pleistocene, it was one of the principal commercial species, while during certain seasons and in definite places — the principal one. The horse’s bones were used for making tools. It also occupied an important place in cultic practice. At that, the commercial load on the horse population in Upper Neopleistocene remained insignificant, without resulting in decrease of their number.

The article is devoted to a problem of horse breeding with the population retaining the Tersek and Botajsk antiquities. The authors show the groundlessness of argumentation on the part of the main supporters of a savage nature of the Tersek and Botajsk horse. Basing on pathological changes caused by using bit, character of the inner structure of the horse’s and koulan’s collection of bones, and some other data, they arrive at a conclusion that the bulk of the bones that belong to the horse from the Tersek and Botajsk settlements belonged to domestic specimen.